Increased vascular calcification (VC) is observed in patients with cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. VC is divided into three types according to its location: intimal, medial, and valvular. Various cellular signaling pathways are associated with VC, including the Wnt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt, cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin, Ras homologous GTPase, apoptosis, Notch, and cytokine signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the literature concerning the key cellular signaling pathways associated with VC and their role as potential therapeutic targets. Inhibitors to these pathways represent good candidates for use as potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of VC.
机构:
Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Div Med Oncol, Norris Comprehens Canc Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USAUniv So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Div Med Oncol, Norris Comprehens Canc Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
Winder, Thomas
Lenz, Heinz-Josef
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Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Div Med Oncol, Norris Comprehens Canc Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Norris Comprehens Canc Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USAUniv So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Div Med Oncol, Norris Comprehens Canc Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
机构:
Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Lab Translat Res Pediat Canc, Vall dHebron Res Inst, Barcelona, SpainUniv Autonoma Barcelona, Lab Translat Res Pediat Canc, Vall dHebron Res Inst, Barcelona, Spain
Gallego, Soledad
Roma, Josep
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机构:Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Lab Translat Res Pediat Canc, Vall dHebron Res Inst, Barcelona, Spain