Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Multiple Mycotoxins in Edible and Medicinal Plants

Edible and medicinal plants (EMPs) are widely used but are easily infected by harmful fungi which produce mycotoxins. Herein, 127 samples from 11 provinces were collected to investigate 15 mycotoxins based on geographic, demographic, processing, and risk characteristics. A total of 13 mycotoxins were detected, and aflatoxin B-1 (0.56 similar to 97.00 mu g/kg), deoxynivalenol (9.41 similar to 1570.35 mu g/kg), fumonisin B-1 (8.25 similar to 1875.77 mu g/kg), fumonisin B-2 (2.74 similar to 543.01 mu g/kg), ochratoxin A (0.62 similar to 19.30 mu g/kg), and zearalenone (1.64 similar to 2376.58 mu g/kg) occurred more frequently. Mycotoxin levels and species were significantly different by region, types of EMPs, and method of processing. The margin of exposure (MOE) values was well below the safe MOE (10,000). AFB(1) exposure from Coix seed and malt consumption in China was of high health concern. The hazard Index (HI) method showed the range of 113.15 similar to 130.73% for malt, indicating a public health concern. In conclusion, EMPs should be concerned because of the cumulative effects of co-occurred mycotoxins, and safety management strategies should be developed in follow-up studies.