A work-hardening and softening constitutive model for sand:modified plastic strain energy approach

The paper describes an energy-based constitutivemodel for sand,which is modified based on the modifiedplastic strain energy approach,represented by a unique rela-tionship between the modified plastic strain energy and astress parameter,independent of stress history.The modifiedplastic strain energy approach was developed based on resultsfrom a series of drained plastic strain compression tests alongvarious stress paths on saturated dense Toyoura sand withaccurate stress and strain measurements.The proposed modelis coupled with an isotropically work-hardening and soften-ing,non-associtated,elasto-plastic material description.Theconstitutive model concerns the inherent and stress system-induced cross-anisotropic elastic deformation properties ofsand.It is capable of simulating the deformation character-istics of stress history and stress path,the effects of pressurelevel,anisotropic strength and void ratio,and the strain local-ization.