Sustainable agriculture in Indonesia: assessing the impact of fertiliser consumption on crop production and CO2 emissions

This study examined the impact of fertiliser use on crop production and CO2 emissions in Indonesia from 1991 to 2020 using the ARDL model. The findings revealed that fertiliser use increased crop production in the long-term, with a coefficient of 0.578. However, excessive fertiliser use negatively impacted crop production in the short term, with a coefficient of -1.092. High fertiliser usage, especially potassium oxide (K2O), significantly raised CO2 emissions, with long-term and short-term coefficients of 0.553 and -0.717, respectively. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P2O5) fertilisers showed long-term coefficients of 0.484 and -0.301. The results highlighted the importance of balanced fertiliser management to boost productivity while minimising environmental harm.