The development of Mooney face perception in 6-to 11-month-old infants

Mooney faces are two-tone facial images with degraded individual features (e.g., eyes and mouth) and retain only shadows and highlights. Previous research has reported that even young infants can detect faces from Mooney face images despite the degraded features. In Experiment 1, we tested the upright preference for Mooney face images with the features degraded at four levels, from Level 1 (slightly degraded) to Level 4 (extremely degraded). The results indicated that infants showed a significant visual preference for upright images over inverted images under the Level 1 (slightly degraded) and Level 2 (moderately degraded) conditions. In addition, in Experiment 2 we confirmed that infants showed an upright face preference for the original non-degraded face images. The results of the two experiments suggest that although infants aged 6 to 11 months consistently showed an upright face preference even for Mooney face images with relatively modest degradedness, their ability to detect face figures from Mooney face figures was still immature (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/).