EEG Ictal Power Dynamics, Function-Structure Associations, and Epilepsy Surgical Outcomes

Background and ObjectivesPostoperative seizure control in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) remains variable, and the causes for this variability are not well understood. One contributing factor could be the extensive spread of synchronized ictal activity across networks. Our study used novel quantifiable assessments from intracranial EEG (iEEG) to test this hypothesis and investigated how the spread of seizures is determined by underlying structural network topological properties.MethodsWe evaluated iEEG data from 157 seizures in 27 patients with TLE: 100 seizures from 17 patients with postoperative seizure control (Engel score I) vs 57 seizures from 10 patients with unfavorable surgical outcomes (Engel score II-IV). We introduced a quantifiable method to measure seizure power dynamics within anatomical regions, refining existing seizure imaging frameworks and minimizing reliance on subjective human decision-making. Time-frequency power representations were obtained in 6 frequency bands ranging from theta to gamma. Ictal power spectrums were normalized against a baseline clip taken at least 6 hours away from ictal events. Electrodes' time-frequency power spectrums were then mapped onto individual T1-weighted MRIs and grouped based on a standard brain atlas. We compared spatiotemporal dynamics for seizures between groups with favorable and unfavorable surgical outcomes. This comparison included examining the range of activated brain regions and the spreading rate of ictal activities. We then evaluated whether regional iEEG power values were a function of fractional anisotropy (FA) from diffusion tensor imaging across regions over time.ResultsSeizures from patients with unfavorable outcomes exhibited significantly higher maximum activation sizes in various frequency bands. Notably, we provided quantifiable evidence that in seizures associated with unfavorable surgical outcomes, the spread of beta-band power across brain regions is significantly faster, detectable as early as the first second after seizure onset. There was a significant correlation between beta power during seizures and FA in the corresponding areas, particularly in the unfavorable outcome group. Our findings further suggest that integrating structural and functional features could improve the prediction of epilepsy surgical outcomes.DiscussionOur findings suggest that ictal iEEG power dynamics and the structural-functional relationship are mechanistic factors associated with surgical outcomes in TLE.