Therapeutic Potential of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

BackgroundGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a crucial incretin hormone secreted by intestinal endocrine L cells. Given its pivotal physiological role, researchers have developed GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) through structural modifications. These analogues display pharmacological effects similar to those of GLP-1 but with augmented stability and are regarded as an effective means of regulating blood glucose levels in clinical practice.ObjectiveThis review aims to comprehensively summarize the role of GLP-1 RAs in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), with a particular emphasis on the underlying signal transduction pathways and their therapeutic potential.MethodsA comprehensive review was carried out through literature research.Results and DiscussionIn pancreatic beta-cells, GLP-1 RAs regulate the secretion of insulin and glucagon in a glucosedependent manner by influencing signaling pathways such as cAMP, PI3K, and MAPK. They also contribute to the regulation of blood glucose levels by promoting the proliferation of beta-cells and inhibiting apoptosis in these cells. Recent comprehensive studies have also demonstrated the favorable impact of GLP-1 RAs on cardiovascular wellbeing. In addition to the cardiovascular protection afforded by glucose metabolism regulation, a large body of evidence from animal and cellular studies has corroborated the beneficial effects of GLP-1 RAs on conditions such as heart failure (HF), hypertension, and ischemic cardiomyopathy. These benefits are mainly attributed to the alleviation of inflammatory responses, reduction of oxidative stress, and prevention of cell apoptosis. Clinical data shows that GLP-1 RAs can reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in diabetic patients.ConclusionGLP-1 RAs play an important role in the management of both diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. They show potential therapeutic value through the modulation of multiple signal transduction pathways. However, there may still be some issues in practical applications that require further research and resolution.