Respiratory sarcopenia: A scoping review of the current literature

Background Respiratory sarcopenia (RS) is a condition characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength in the respiratory muscles, in the presence of low appendicular skeletal muscle mass.ObjectiveThis review aims to explore the multifaceted aspects of RS, focusing on its etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, potential treatment strategies, research gaps, and future directions.MethodsAn up-to-date literature search from the databases of Medline/PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was done using specific keywords, in March 2024. Appropriate published literature in the English language with available full text was used for this review.ResultsRS, an emerging concept, highlights the link between generalized sarcopenia and weakness of the respiratory muscles. Aging, pro-inflammatory state, malnutrition, and lack of exercise are the major risk factors for developing RS. RS can arise due to various underlying diseases, creating a complex interplay that worsens health outcomes. It contributes to impaired ventilation, reduced exercise capacity, and an increased risk of respiratory failure. It is also linked to various non-respiratory diseases. Despite growing interest in this condition, several research gaps persist, highlighting the need for further investigation and exploration.ConclusionRS is an important pathological state, connected to generalized sarcopenia, multiple respiratory morbidities, and several other diseases. Literature is scarce on this topic, and more research is required.