Heat transfer characteristics of multiple jet impingements using graphene nanofluid for automobile industry application

The framework experimentally investigates the application of graphene water Nano fluid nozzles for liquid jet cooling, particularly for internal combustion engine piston cooling. It also explores cooling effectiveness on flat and uneven surfaces (copper, steel, Inconel) with varying thicknesses. Turbulent liquid jets impinge on heated surfaces under constant heat flux using nozzles of different diameters to ensure fully developed flow. Graphene nanofluid concentrations of 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2% are compared to water. The impact is analysed for multiple jet arrangements, flow rates, and impingement distances on heat transfer using a combined experimental and numerical approach and findings reveal that higher jet Reynolds numbers, temperature rises, and smaller nozzleto-plate distances enhance heat transfer. Nanofluid concentration significantly improves heat transfer compared to water, with a maximum increase of 50% at 0.2% concentration. These results inform the optimization of cooling strategies for automotive components, aiding engineers in designing efficient thermal management systems for heat-sensitive vehicle parts.