Minimizing Surgical Margins in Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Single Institution's Experience with Excision and Reconstruction Methods

Background Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the predominant nonmelanocytic skin cancer, with preservation of both function and aesthetics being essential during tumor removal. Existing surgical margin guidelines primarily target ill-defined BCCs prevalent in Western countries. Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate the efficacy of surgical removal, propose modified guidelines for wide excision tailored to Asian patients, and share experiences with various reconstruction methods. Methods This study encompasses 418 patients (447 cases) who underwent BCC excision from March 2015 to June 2023 at our institution. Wide excision extended 2 mm beyond the tumor edge universally, with an additional 2 mm resected if tumor cells persisted in the frozen biopsy, followed by appropriate reconstruction. Patient demographics, tumor features, reconstruction methods, complications, and recurrence rates were analyzed. Results Predominantly, reconstructions involved local flaps (244), skin grafts (102), and direct closure (72). Significant differences were noted in age, location, and tumor size among these groups. The rate of second resection increased from upper to lower facial subunits, peaking at 11.1% in the lower subunit, with a statistically significant difference ( p = 0.024). Additional resection was required in 5.50% of cases, with a significantly higher incidence of ill-defined borders, pigmentation, and the infiltrative subtype compared with others. Complications were minor; recurrence occurred in only one case, 6 months postinitial nasal dorsum surgery. Conclusion Surgical excision is highly effective, supported by various reconstruction options. We propose narrower guidelines for wide excision considering tumor characteristics and recurrence locations, resulting in smaller defects addressed with simpler reconstruction methods.