The Current State of Breast Cancer Genetics in Populations of African Ancestry

Breast cancer (BC) constitutes a significant global health burden, particularly among women, with disparities observed across populations. Notably, women of African ancestry often experience BC at earlier ages and in more aggressive forms, with a higher prevalence of metastasis. Genetic studies, including those focused on BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, have revealed population-specific variations in BC susceptibility. Despite efforts to investigate BC genetics in African and African-descendant populations, research remains limited compared to studies conducted in populations of European descent. Socioeconomic factors further compound the challenges faced by marginalized populations, influencing disease outcomes and treatment efficacy. This review explores the BC literature in African and African-descendant populations, highlighting population-specific genetic variants associated with the disease's subtypes, treatment response, and disease evolution. Limited sample sizes and lack of data on genetic ancestry hinder the development of precise risk stratification and treatment strategies. Efforts to expand research, improve data collection, and enhance genetic analyses in diverse populations are crucial steps toward addressing racial disparities and advancing BC care on a global scale.