Smartphone-based measurement of cardiovascular healthcare: Advances and applications

Smartphones are now being further developed for healthcare monitoring. Owing to the ubiquity of smartphones, it lays the foundation for widespread promotion and can contribute to promoting medical equity. Relying on its portability, continuity, and realtime, it is possible to continuously monitor relevant digital biomarkers anytime, anywhere. Currently, some advanced and interesting works based on smartphones have emerged. This paper surveys the current state of the art in the fast-moving field of smartphones for measurement of cardiovascular healthcare. We systematically explore the capabilities of smartphone-embedded sensors for cardiovascular healthcare and analyze the signals acquired by smartphones. We also summarize the applications of smartphone-based cardiovascular healthcare: cardiac parameter measurement (heart rate, blood oxygen, blood pressure, and blood glucose), and cardiovascular monitoring applications (daily monitoring, healthy vascular aging detection, and disease screening). Smartphone-based disease screening currently only includes some simple cardiovascular diseases. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced in the research.