Self-powered and self-sensing wearable devices from a comfort perspective

Wearable devices play a crucial role in daily life and are extensively used in health monitoring, motion capture, and human-machine interaction. The comfort of the devices largely determines the user's satisfaction with the device. The emergence of self-powered and self-sensing technologies has transformed traditional wear- able device designs, introducing new challenges in optimizing comfort. This paper reviews methods to enhance the comfort of self-powered and self-sensing wearable devices (SS-WDs). It analyzes human body energies usable by these devices; summarizes their applications in health monitoring, medical rehabil- itation, human-machine interfaces, and safety detection; and examines factors affecting comfort at physio- logical, psychological, and social levels. The challenges faced by current SS-WDs and future development directions are also discussed.