Optimal Bidding Strategy for EV Charging Station Aggregator in Integrated Energy and Regulation Markets Based on Charging Pricing Model

Electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) serve as critical intermediaries between the power system and electric vehicles (EVs), strategically optimizing wholesale market participation to enhance profitability. This paper introduces an innovative bidding strategy designed for an EVCS aggregator to operate concurrently in energy and regulation markets, which hinges on an EV charging pricing model that dynamically adjusts to incentivize optimal EV engagement, crucial for maximizing the aggregator's bid quantity. First, a comprehensive framework that enables EVCS aggregators to efficiently aggregate EVs and competitively engage in both energy and regulation markets is constructed. Building upon this foundation, an optimal bidding strategy is established based on a non-cooperative game pricing model. This model precisely calculates the actual adjustable capacity of EVs under various price incentives, guiding the aggregator towards making informed and advantageous bids. The proposed model has been verified by the IEEE 33-node distribution system and a 12-node transportation network using real-world data.