Optimization Extraction Conditions of Bioactive Compounds of Carum copticum L. Seed by Microwave Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

In this study, a microwave-assisted extraction technique was utilized to extract the bioactive compounds of Carum copticum L. seeds. Following this extraction, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the levels of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The effect of ethanol content (0-100% v/v) and time (60-120 s) on total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were investigated and optimized using response surface methodology. The time range of 60 to 65 s and an ethanol concentration of 80 to 100% resulted in the highest total phenolic content. Increasing the extraction time to 60 s while reducing the ethanol concentration to 0% (100% water) significantly increased the flavonoid levels. In terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity, extending the extraction time beyond 60 s and decreasing the ethanol content to less than 95% led to an increase in IC50, thereby reducing the maximum radical scavenging activity. The optimized conditions for achieving the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of Carum copticum L. seed extract, in terms of time and ethanol concentration, were determined to be 60 s and 10% ethanol (90% water), respectively. In conclusion, the optimal extraction conditions for maximizing total phenolic and flavonoid content, minimizing IC50, and achieving the highest antioxidant properties in ethanol were found to be 4.04% v/v ethanol and 60 s. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimizing the extraction conditions of bioactive compounds from Carum copticum L. seeds and suggest its potential use as bioactive functional materials.