Evolutionary Game of Supply Chain Operation Decisions between E-commerce and Express Delivery Enterprises in Low-Carbon Development

Amid worsening global environmental degradation, the imperative for low-carbon development among e-commerce and express delivery enterprises is underscored. This paper explores consumer low-carbon preferences and examines the operational dynamics between e-commerce and express delivery enterprises under government subsidies in China. Utilizing evolutionary game theory, we analyze stable strategies and conduct simulations to study the factors influencing strategy choices. Key findings include: (1) Eight evolutionary scenarios with varied stable strategies; (2) Increasing government subsidies drive both sectors towards low-carbon operations, particularly sensitizing express delivery enterprises; (3) Higher consumer carbon emission sensitivity prompts faster adoption of low-carbon strategies by e-commerce enterprises; (4) Rising additional freight costs lead express delivery enterprises from traditional to low-carbon operations gradually.