Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Amino Acid and Peptide Conjugates of 5-Bromovaleric Acid

Background Among various carboxylic acid derivatives, valeric acid or pentanoic acid is found to be widely distributed in nature. It is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid containing five carbon atoms. Due to the therapeutic value of valeric acid, it is used as a versatile nucleus in the pharmaceutical field. Valeric acid derivatives are associated with a broad spectrum of biological activities, like anticonvulsant, antiplatelet, antidiabetic, and plant growth activities.Aim It has previously been revealed that peptide derivatives of carboxylic acids are accountable for enhanced antimicrobial activity. Therefore, it was hypothesized that coupling peptides with valeric acid would increase the antimicrobial properties of the target compounds. So, the objective of the present study was to synthesize peptide derivatives of 5-bromovaleric acid and evaluate their antibacterial and antifungal activities.Methods 5-bromovaleric acid was synthesized by the reaction of cyclopentanone and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of copper bromide and sodium bromide. Additionally, 5-bromovaleric acid was coupled with amino acid methyl esters, dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodimide (DCC) and N-methylmorpholine (NMM) as a base under continuous stirring for 36 hours to produce its peptide derivatives.Results The results obtained showed that 5-bromovaleric acid possesses more potent antibacterial activity than N-terminal 5-bromovaleric acid conjugates of selected di-, tri, and tetra peptide C-terminal methyl esters against ciprofloxacin as a standard. The selected dipeptide and tripeptide N-terminal 5-bromovaleric acid-conjugated C-terminal methyl ester derivatives were more active than the selected tetrapeptide methyl ester analogue. Using fluconazole as a reference, the antifungal efficacy of 5-bromovaleric acid against C. albicans and A. niger declined as it was combined with C-terminal methyl esters of selected dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides.Conclusion The novel selected peptide derivatives had less antibacterial and antifungal action than the parent 5-bromovaleric acid. Antibacterial and antifungal investigations showed that 5-bromopentanoic acid peptide derivatives might impair antimicrobial efficacy. Further, attaching 5-bromopentanoic acid to di, tri, and tetra peptides did not boost their antibacterial potential.