Electrochemical Biosensors in Diagnostic Medicine: Detecting Lung Cancer Biomarkers - A Comprehensive Review

Electrochemical biosensors use biomolecules, such as proteins, enzymes, and antibodies, to translate the analytical signals detected in a sample. They have diverse applications including pesticide detection in agriculture, water analysis in various sectors, and biomedical and forensic diagnostics. With the estimated number of cancer cases in the US in 2024 being over two million, particularly lung cancer, which is notoriously difficult to diagnose early, the integration of biosensors into the Point-of-care Testing (PoCT) strategy can significantly improve the detection of cancer biomarkers, contributing to early diagnosis and successful treatment. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising alternative for reducing production costs and customizing devices in various ways. This review highlights recent trends and research on the development of electrochemical biosensors for early detection of lung cancer. These biosensors are expected to be more sensitive and selective for a variety of real samples and are precise, accurate, and stable during their commercialization. Significant progress has been made in the development of electrochemical devices for the early diagnosis of lung cancer, with various biomarker anchoring and detection strategies addressed throughout the study. Overcoming these challenges is key to advancing the use of these biosensors, thus improving diagnostic accuracy and enabling the successful treatment of lung cancer patients.