Assessment of Habitat Suitability for Oedaleus decorus asiaticus Using MaxEnt and Frequency Ratio Model in Xilingol League, China

Grasshoppers can significantly disrupt agricultural and livestock management because they reproduce and develop quickly in friendly environments. Xilingol League is the region most severely affected by grasshopper infestations. The region's extensive grasslands are considered valuable, a critical component of the local ecosystem, a vital resource for the region's key economic activity of livestock farming, and crucial for supporting diverse flora and fauna, carbon sequestration, and climate regulation. Oedaleus decorus asiaticus (O. d. asiaticus) is highly harmful in Xilingol League in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Therefore, early warning is crucial for projecting O. d. asiaticus's regional spread and detecting the impacts of critical environmental elements. We systematically identified 26 major contributing elements by examining four categories of environmental factors-meteorology, vegetation, soil, and topography-encompassing the three growth phases of grasshoppers. Furthermore, the MaxEnt and frequency ratio (FR) approaches, coupled with multisource remote sensing data, were used to predict a potentially appropriate distribution (habitat suitability) of O. d. asiaticus in Xilingol League. The research found nine key habitat factors influencing O. d. asiaticus distribution: the mean specific humidity during the adult stage (ASH), vegetation type (VT), above-ground biomass during the nymph stage (NAB), soil sand content (SSAND), mean precipitation during the egg stage (EP), mean precipitation during the nymph stage (NP), soil bulk density (SBD), elevation, and soil type (ST). Additionally, our analysis revealed that the most suitable and moderately suitable habitats for O. d. asiaticus are predominantly located in the southern and eastern parts of Xilingol League, with significant concentrations in West Ujumqin, East Ujumqin, Xilinhot, Zhenglan, Zheng Xiangbai, Duolun, and Taipusi. Based on the suitable habitat results, policymakers may make judgments about future management actions to preserve the ecological security of grasslands and their sustainable growth. This study indicates that the Maxent approach exhibited superior accuracy (receiver operating characteristic) compared to the FR approach for assessing the habitat suitability for O. d. asiaticus in Xilingol League.