Exploring Alternate Targets for Respiratory Resuscitation in Patients With Sepsis and Septic Shock

Despite limited evidence to support it, resuscitation in sepsis has primarily targeted aggressive fluid administration and liberal administration of oxygen. In 2024, new thought paradigms emerged to suggest that dysregulation of aerobic metabolism are essential underpinnings of sepsis, and that in fact, aggressive resuscitation with fluids liberal oxygen could potentially aggravate oxidative stress and organ failure in sepsis. As sepsis continues to be shaped and molded by the latest research; therapies targeting sepsis and septic shock management warrant similar scrutiny. Methods: We searched literature pertaining to what is known about metabolic dysregulation in sepsis, to consider approaches to identifying new targets for resuscitation and management in sepsis. Results: Therapeutic hypoxemic targets of 88-92% have been shown to have some benefit in sepsis resuscitation in a limited number of studies. The benefit is believed to result from protection from excessive accumulation of harmful reactive oxygen species. Conclusion: Limited supporting evidence exists in the literature to recommend targeted hypoxemia or hypercapnia in patients with sepsis. Mixed results have been observed in the literature, including minimal benefit to mortality. New research designs with consideration to the dysregulated metabolic sequelae in sepsis could improve the meaningfulness of these therapies in sepsis.