The Central Role of Auxin in Orchestrating Apical Stem Cells in Plants

Plant stem cells, residing in the shoot and root apical meristems, are fundamental for continuous growth and organ formation throughout the plant life cycle. Their regulation is driven by the convergence of endogenous developmental cues and exogenous environmental signals, making them pivotal to overall plant growth and development. Auxin, a key phytohormone, serves as a major internal signal, orchestrating stem cell initiation, maintenance, differentiation, and environmental adaptation through intricate biosynthesis, transport, and signaling networks. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which auxin guides stem cell functions in both the shoot and root apical meristems. Through these insights, we explore how plants utilize auxin-driven pathways to optimize growth in ever-changing environments.