Prenatal, perinatal, and environmental risk factors contribute to the high prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in northeastern Bangladesh

ObjectivesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with increasing prevalence worldwide, including in Bangladesh. This study investigated prenatal, perinatal, and environmental risk factors associated with ASD in northeastern Bangladesh, where data on the disorder is scarce.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 168 children diagnosed with ASD (CWA), 167 typically developing children (TDC), and 185 unaffected siblings (Sib), recruited from five government-approved specialized schools in Sylhet, northeastern Bangladesh. Diagnoses were confirmed using a modified ADI-R/ADOS, and logistic regression was used to analyze associated risk factors.ResultsAdvanced maternal age, firstborn status, and a history of consanguinity were significant prevalence of prenatal/perinatal complications, including birth asphyxia and blood Rh incompatibility, compared to TDC and Sib. A considerable gap in scientific awareness was noted, with many parents attributing their child's condition to associated with ASD. Parental exposure to mercury-based dental amalgam was also strongly linked to ASD. CWA had a higher generational or religious belief.ConclusionsWe identified critical risk factors contributing to the high prevalence of ASD in northeastern Bangladesh, underscoring the need for enhanced diagnostic, educational, and healthcare strategies to ensure good health and well-being and to provide quality education for individuals with ASD.