MHD Corrugated Wall Lid-Driven Mixed Convection in a Porous-Nanofluid Staggered Enclosure

In the current paper, a comprehensive investigation has been carried out to study the impact of the mixed convection heat flow in a two-lid-driven corrugated sidewalls enclosure loaded with a porous-nanofluid under an angled magnetic field. The importance of the study lies in the fact that it included many variables in addition to the movement of sinusoidal walls as lid-driven in a staggered enclosure. There are many specific applications in the real-world in engineering and industry, such as chemical reaction, crystallization, food preservation and processing, cooling and heating processes, solar collectors, heat exchangers, astronomy, and biology. The working fluid is chosen to be either a SWCNT-water or MWCNT-water nanofluids with three volume fractions of 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06. The Galerkin finite element approach is employed to solve the governing equations and characterize heat and fluid flow under the effects of different parameters, including the Richardson number (Ri), Darcy number (Da), Reynolds number (Re), Hartmann number (Ha), magnetic field inclination angle (gamma), wavy surface amplitude (Amp), heat generation factor (lambda), and the nanoparticle volume fraction (phi). The validation of the present findings showed good agreement with those of the literature. The findings demonstrate that the enhancement in heat flow is directly related to Darcy, Reynolds, and Richardson numbers, while the increase in Hartmann number and the wave amplitude inversely affects the heat transfer along both upper and bottom moving walls. For the lower and upper wavy walls, the highest mean Nusselt numbers are at lambda = 0 and lambda = 20, respectively. At Ri = 10 and Ha = 0, the local Nusselt number reaches its maximum. Moreover, the MWCNT nanofluid depicts a 3% temperature increase above the base fluid for the same amount of heat absorbed per unit volume. On the other hand, the heat exchange between the cold nanofluid and the hot moving wall remains unaffected by increasing the inclination angle. Besides, a high Darcy number value (Da = 10-5) focuses more on the staggered lid-driven walls, while the Richardson number has a significant impact on the Bejan number at Da = 10-1.