Review on removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents by adsorption

Industrial activities generate significant amounts of wastewater containing toxic heavy metals, posing severe environmental and health risks. This review explores the efficient removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater through adsorption techniques. Adsorption stands out as a promising method due to its versatility, cost-effectiveness, and high efficiency in reducing metal concentrations to permissible levels. The review systematically examines various adsorbents used in industrial effluent treatment, including activated carbon, zeolites, and biochars, highlighting their mechanisms and performance in metal ion removal. Factors influencing adsorption efficiency, such as pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and metal ion concentration, are critically evaluated. Recent advancements in adsorption technologies, such as hybrid materials and functionalized adsorbents, are discussed in terms of enhancing removal efficiencies and addressing specific challenges in industrial wastewater treatment. This review provides comprehensive insights into the current state of heavy metal removal by adsorption, emphasizing technological advancements, challenges, and future research directions aimed at sustainable and effective wastewater treatment practices.