Nanotechnology-enabled soil management for sustainable agriculture: interactions, challenges, and prospects

Nanotechnology has significant potential to improve the quality of life through its applications in numerous fields, including the agricultural sector. Recently, many applications of nanotechnology in agriculture have emerged, focusing on crop production and protection, with an emphasis on nano-fertilizers, nano-irrigation, and nano-enabled remediation strategies for contaminated soils. The functionalization of nanomaterials is a growing solution to solve many agricultural problems due to the unique physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials, such as their superior performance and benefits in different fields compared to traditional materials. Recently, numerous studies have reported the promising effects of nanotechnologies on the agricultural sector. This review aims to provide an overview of state-of-the-art sustainable nanotechnologies in soil management. The production routes and features of nanomaterials applicable in agricultural areas will be briefly described. The application of nanotechnology in soil management will be discussed in detail, including interaction mechanisms, nanomaterial classification, and various implementations related to soil remediation, fertility and nano-irrigation systems. The challenges associated with the application of nanotechnology in soil will also be presented. Finally, prospective trends will be suggested for maximizing nanotechnology performance and enhancing soil quality.