From tourism boom to eco-sustainability: a dynamic model for assessing ecosystem services

We adopt ecosystem services (ESs) to assess the eco-environment and assemble a general dynamic model with which to evaluate ecosystem service value (ESV). This model is then used to examine a coupling coordination relationship and the corresponding spatial link between tourism development and ESs for 31 Chinese provinces between 2000 and 2020. We find that these two subsystems' extent of coupling coordination is not high within the focal decades and displays marked changes in spatial distribution. The spatial connectivity of this degree of coupling coordination climbs steadily upward; the connection network possesses complex, gradient-based characteristics, weakening as distance increases from east to west. Our findings offer valuable theoretical and practical implications for the coordinated development of tourism and ESs.