Regeneration of the Austrian forests and browsing impact - Insights from the latest National Forest Inventory

The initial development stage of forests forms the basis for the future tree generation. Various driving and interacting factors determine the regeneration process at small and large scale. Based on the latest Austrian National Forest Inventory 2016-2021 the regeneration assessments and estimation methods were collated. Analyses were conducted to estimate the forest area regarding regeneration necessity and occurrence, the causes of regeneration deficits, the origin from natural and artificial regeneration, tree species occurrence as well as browsing impact.The results show a sea level gradient of increasing shares of necessary but missing regeneration, ranging between 15% at the lowest and 60% at the highest altitudes. Accordingly, high shares can be found in protective forest without yield (50%) and in the growth regions of the mountainous areas of the Alps (up to 40%). Due to the multitude of driving and interacting factors, the assessed causes of regeneration deficits show divers patterns. Light as a limiting factor appears to be more relevant at low altitudes, and competition through ground vegetation is highest at low and high altitudes. The influence of the humus layer on the seed bed was assessed to increase with altitude, as well as the impact of forest pasture, while game browsing as cause of regeneration deficits show no clear tendency over the analysed strata. About 91% of the necessary and occurring regeneration originates from natural regeneration and the remaining from artificial or a mixture of both regeneration types. The number of tree species in the ground vegetation layer decreases with altitude. Considering browsing impact the results show percentages of affected areas between 40% and 80%. The highest browsing impacts were found at intermediate altitudes between 600 and 1,500 m above sea level.From a large-scale perspective as provided by NFIs, the results show divers patterns of regeneration necessity and occurrence and impacts on the regeneration. Representative large-scale monitoring by NFIs provides the opportunity to identify and quantify the adverse impacts and forest strata that are affected by regeneration deficits, and therefore support the development of forest management strategies that aim at the establishment of the future tree generation under changing climate conditions.