Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections

center dot Females have overall a higher risk of urinary tract infection (UTI), except in the neonate period with uncircumcised males <1 year old carrying the greatest risk. <bullet> The signs and symptoms of UTI differ by age group, infants with nonspecific symptoms and children with more typical symptoms. center dot Circumcision in infant males results in an 85% reduction in the odds of UTI compared to uncircumcised males. center dot Vesicoureteral reflux has a high rate of spontaneous resolution, especially in lower grades (I-II), making standardized treatment challenging. center dot Bladder and bowel dysfunction evaluation consists of voiding and bowel diaries, renal and bladder ultrasound, and uroflow, and the diaries should be used to track treatment progress.