Gender differences in skilled performance under failure competitive environments: evidence from elite archers

Introduction Psychologists are particularly interested in how people operate in stressful settings. The sporting arena is a "natural laboratory" for studying how people behave and perform in high-pressure situations. This study explores the gender differences in archers' ability to cope with adversity, highlighting the significant cold-hand effect observed in both male and female archers, with notable differences in the last arrow performance under pressure.Methods Our method is a Poisson general linear model -based test for the cold hand that examines how the performance of the last arrow per set depends on the performance of the previous two shots. We also interact the player's gender with performance on the previous two arrows and game status to test for gender differences in response to past performance and intermediate game status.Results The Poisson regression analysis reveals that male and female archers' performance dropped significantly after experiencing two consecutive missing bullseyes, which means a cold-hand effect exists. However, although there was no significant difference in the performance of male and female archers on the third arrow, female archers have significantly lower last arrow per set scores than male archers after near poor performance or being in a situation where losing can only be avoided by winning the current set.Discussion This finding suggests that female archers are more vulnerable to the potentially negative effects of adversity caused by trailing or recent failures than their male counterparts. We attempt to explain the reasons behind the results above from both psychological and physiological perspectives.