Environmental, Toxicological, and Technological Aspects Regarding the Contemporary Usefulness of Chromium

Chromium is an abundant element in nature, present in the constitution of ores in the trivalent or hexavalent states (Cr3+ and Cr6+), whose applications can be demonstrated in several areas of (science - innovation - technology) interface. When in the trivalent state and trace concentration, chromium acts as an essential micronutrient for regulating cholesterol levels and carbohydrate metabolism, improving amino acid uptake, and increasing protein synthesis. In the hexavalent form, chromium presents high toxicity and can be categorized as a carcinogenic and mutagenic agent. Despite this, Cr(6+ )has a high economic value, associated with its broad applicability in major industrial sectors such as metallurgy, coatings, paints, and glass. These industries generate potentially toxic waste subjected to numerous treatment methods with specific characteristics for effluent classification. Analytical methods for determining chromium ions have been developed to meet these demands, and advantages and limitations are presented for monitoring this anthropogenic pollutant in environmental matrices. This article will present general information about chromium, such as its occurrence and properties, ecotoxicity and toxicity, industrial applications, and methodologies for chromium analysis.