Health-related quality of life across menopausal stages among middle-aged Korean women

ObjectivesWe examined the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) during menopause transition (MT) among middle-aged Korean women.MethodsThis cross-sectional study comprised 2,290 middle-aged women who completed web-based questionnaires between 2020 and 2022. Based on self-reported menstrual cycle patterns, menopause status was classified as premenopausal, early or late transition, or postmenopausal. HRQoL was assessed using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information system, with all 29 items scored using a T-score metric. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to investigate whether HRQoL varied based on MT stages. Antim & uuml;llerian hormone levels were used as an objective measure instead of self-reported menstrual status in the sensitivity analysis. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the prevalence ratios for moderate or severe HRQoL symptoms across menopausal stages.ResultsThe mean T-scores for anxiety, depression, and pain interference and intensity were significantly higher with advancing menopausal stage. Anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, pain interference, and intensity were significantly and linearly positively correlated with MT stages after adjusting for potential confounders. Physical function significantly worsened in the late transition stage compared with premenopausal status (beta = -1.51 [95% CI, -2.72 to -0.31] in late MT and beta = -1.92 [95% CI, -3.46 to -0.37] in postmenopause, P for trend = 0.007). However, no significant trends were observed in the sensitivity analysis using antim & uuml;llerian hormone levels. Women with moderate or severe symptoms in all domains except physical function had significantly higher prevalence ratios according to MT.ConclusionsOverall HRQoL was lower with advancing menopausal stages. All symptoms should be monitored to control early transition symptoms. Thus, women undergoing MT should consistently assess and manage not only menopausal symptoms but also the overall quality of their health to prevent both menopause-specific and nonspecific conditions and their consequences.