Advantages and ethics of artificial intelligence in plastic and reconstructive surgery

As artificial intelligence (AI) technologies evolve in sophistication, they offer the potential to benefit various aspects of plastic and reconstructive surgery practice. From enhancing surgical precision within the operating room to streamlining administrative tasks and supporting the diagnosis and treatment of patients, AI may grow into an invaluable tool that redefines standards of care within plastic surgery. Given the nascent and largely theoretical role of AI in plastic surgery, numerous questions arise regarding its safety, actual utility, ethical considerations, and policies needed to regulate its use. This manuscript aims to provide commentary on AI in healthcare and to discuss an alternative viewpoint of its use in plastic surgery. Americans remain hesitant about healthcare providers leveraging AI in their care. Ongoing scrutiny is required to protect patients from unintended sequelae, safeguard their privacy, mitigate bias, and reduce harm. Early legislation by the United States federal government has aimed to define a role for AI in healthcare, yet more explicit guidance is required. Uncertainty in medico-legal implications begs the question of where liability would fall if AI use causes adverse outcomes. If applied appropriately, AI may ultimately improve patient outcomes and satisfaction with their plastic surgery care. With less energy dedicated toward automatable tasks and tools that push the envelope of human performance, plastic surgeons may be better equipped to care for their patients. We advocate for a cautiously optimistic approach to AI's incorporation within plastic and reconstructive surgery.