Hydrogen energy prospects in Gulf cooperation council states: Opportunities and challenges

Increased concern regarding the impact of climate change caused by anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions has triggered the search for clean energy sources. In this context, hydrogen (H2) can serve as a key energy vector for decarbonisation that supports the establishment of a global hydrogen economy. This work clarifies this concept and explores its advantages in the context of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, while also making a global comparison and advocating for energy shifts at both the regional and global levels. The feasibility of such a transition is examined within economic and environmental frameworks, which go hand in hand with social acceptance. This critical review also advocates for green and turquoise approaches to H2 production, while considering both cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. The potential implementation challenges are highlighted, yet the benefits expounded herein make the transition worthwhile by promoting the GCC countries as key players for a global H2 economy. Various GCC states have made international commitments to decarbonisation, which are underscored by ongoing efforts and engagements, following particularly recent environmental actions. Furthermore, the extensive coastline of the GCC countries, which spans some 1000 km, offers the potential for marine-based H2 production that has not been utilised to its full potential. The presence and development of new ports and terminals holds promise for facilitating the export of hydrogen. The potential of local gas fields with the aid of monitory economic data and energy datasets, indicate that both turquoise (<euro>9240/ day) and blue (<euro>7700/day) H2 production technologies are viable paths forward. This study also highlights the potential development of a regional hydrogen market using various technologies.