A comprehensive review on microbial production and significant applications of multifunctional biomolecules: biosurfactants

Microorganisms are very well known potential sources of many novel metabolites and biosurfactants (green molecules). Biosurfactants are biobased molecules which are synthesized by bacteria, yeasts, fungi and actinomycetes. These biomolecules have emerged as multifunctional biomolecules of the 21st century due to their remarkable functional properties like low toxicity, enhanced effectiveness, selectivity, stability, high biodegradability and eco-friendly nature. These characteristics enable them to remain high effective under extreme conditions and play a significant role in environmental protection. Biosurfactants play a pivotal role in bioremediation technologies, offering an environmentally sustainable alternative for cleaning up contaminants. Their unique ability to reduce interfacial tension in liquids enables them to perform crucial functions such as biodegradation, emulsification, foam formation, surface activity, washing performance and detergent formulation. These versatile properties make biosurfactants invaluable across various industries, including environmental remediation, pharmaceuticals, agriculture and cosmetics. This review discusses the microbial production, characterization, industrial applications and ecological significance of biosurfactants. By highlighting their impact in the bioremediation of contaminants, this article underscores the potential of biosurfactants in advancing green technologies and addressing global environmental challenges.