Different Strategies for the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Peptide Using Bioengineering Technology in Pichia pastoris: A Review

Bioactive peptides (BPs) derived from proteins in food possess significant potential as functional food ingredients. Traditional enzymatic hydrolysis is often constrained by raw material availability and incomplete hydrolysis, necessitating the exploration of alternative solutions. The advent of synthetic biology has spurred growing interest in bioengineering techniques for BP production. Pichia pastoris has emerged as an optimal platform strain for the biosynthesis of protein and peptide compounds. This study delves into cutting-edge bioengineering technologies for BPs generation in P. pastoris, encompassing hydrolysis with recombinant enzymes, heterologous expression, recombinant enzymatic synthesis, in vivo post-translational modifications, and recombinant synthesis integrated with computational design. We present the mechanisms underpinning these innovative technologies, alongside illustrative examples of their application. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the advantages and limitations of each bioengineering approach employed in BP production. As synthetic biotechnology and artificial intelligence continue to evolve, these novel methodologies for BP synthesis are expected to gain increasing traction.