Exact solutions for nanoparticle aggregation and porous medium effects over a stretching surface

This study investigated the consequence of nanoparticle aggregation on the thermal distribution in nanofluid motion across a stretching surface with a porous medium, addressing the need for improved thermal performance. The study underscores the deficiency in comparison assessments between aggregated and non-aggregated nanoparticles, especially regarding the influence of a porosity component. Implementing the proper similarity transformations allows governing equations to be transformed into ordinary differential equations. The power series approach obtains the exact analytical solutions, by employing Kummer's confluent hypergeometric functions, and the series solutions are presented with the help of graphs. Both the influence of nanoparticle aggregation and its absence are examined. The findings indicate that increasing the porosity parameter and solid volume percentage reduces velocity while elevating temperature. The influence of the porous component on skin friction and Nusselt number for various changes in substantial volume percentage is also investigated. The study also shows that when both constraints change, the resulting skin friction coefficient diminishes, and the heat dispersion rate upsurges. The nanoparticle with aggregation plays a more prominent role in thermal distribution than the nanoparticle without aggregation. These findings be employed to enhance thermal systems, including purification and energy storage.