Microbial community structure and causal analysis in sediments of shallow eutrophic freshwater lakes under heavy metal compound pollution

Heavy metals, due to their toxicity, persistence, and non-biodegradability, have become some of the most severe environmental pollutants globally. Their accumulation in lake sediments can significantly impact aquatic ecosystems' biogeochemical cycles by altering the ecological dynamics of microbial communities. To further elucidate the mechanisms underlying microbial responses to complex heavy metal pollution in lake sediments, sediment samples were collected from Nan Yi Lake, and their physicochemical properties and microbial composition were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrated that the sediments of Nan Yi Lake were significantly contaminated with heavy metals, which were identified as the predominant factors shaping microbial community structure. Heavy metals influenced microbial richness and distribution patterns along sediment depth gradients, driving the establishment of optimal ecological niches. Meanwhile, other physicochemical factors indirectly affected microbial communities by modulating the concentration of heavy metals. Furthermore, the microbial co-occurrence network was closely associated with the concentrations of Fe and As, with sediment particle size also playing a contributing role. This study highlights the intricate interactions between physicochemical factors and microorganisms, offering critical insights into the multifaceted impacts of heavy metal compound pollution on lake ecosystems. It provides a scientific foundation for effective management of lake environmental pollution and ecological restoration efforts.