Deciphering surface water–groundwater connectivity using chemical and stable isotope tracers (H and O) in the headwaters of São Francisco River, Brazil

被引：0

作者：

de Carvalho Ramos, Marcela Aragão ^{[1
]}

Quaggio, Carolina Stager ^{[1
]}

dos Santos, Vinícius ^{[1
]}

Costa, Vladimir Eliodoro ^{[2
]}

de Vasconcelos Muller, Camila ^{[3
]}

Athayde, Gustavo Barbosa ^{[3
]}

Kirchheim, Roberto ^{[4
]}

Gastmans, Didier ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Isotopes, Center of Environmental Studies, São Paulo State University (UNESP), SP, Rio Claro, Brazil

[2] Center of Stable Isotopes, Institute of Biosciences (UNESP), SP, Botucatu, Brazil

[3] Laboratory of Hydrogeologic Research, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), PR, Curitiba, Brazil

[4] Geological Survey of Brazil (SGB – CPRM), SP, São Paulo, Brazil

来源：

Science of the Total Environment | 2025年 / 958卷

关键词：

D O I：

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177971

中图分类号：

学科分类号：

摘要：

This study assessed the chemical composition of major elements and stable isotopes (H and O) in precipitation, groundwater, and surface water in São Francisco 1 (SF1) sub-basin (approximately 14,000 km2), located at the São Francisco River headwater region, fractured aquifer system region with a complex geologic framework. Both groundwater and surface water exhibited low mineral content, with average electrical conductivity of 147.2 ± 99.4 μS.cm−1 and 65.7 ± 78.7 μS.cm−1, respectively. The ionic abundance (mEq.L−1) followed Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ for cations and HCO₃− > SO₄2− > Cl− > NO₃− > F− > PO₄3− for anions, with most samples being calcic and/or magnesian bicarbonates. Chemical composition was primarily influenced by rock-water interactions and wet-season precipitation in surface water. The isotopic composition of precipitation showed a seasonal pattern, with lower values in the wet season (−63.87 ‰ for δ2H and − 9.86 ‰ for δ18O) and higher values in the dry season (−5.12 ‰ for δ2H and − 2.12 ‰ for δ18O). Groundwater remained constant (−43.71 ‰ for δ2H and − 6.70 ‰ for δ18O), while surface water varied seasonally (−44.95 ‰ for δ2H and − 7.07 ‰ for δ18O in the wet season, and − 38.12 ‰ for δ2H and − 6.14 ‰ for δ18O in the dry season), reflecting wet-season precipitation inputs. Consistent groundwater Evaporation Line (EL) slopes across seasons suggest that the recharge was gradual and slow. The Mann-Whitney test for chemical and isotopes tracers pointed out that surface water-groundwater connectivity was present in both seasons, although enhanced in the wet season. In Lower SF1, identical distributions (p = 1) of NO₃−, δ2H and δ18O underscore the stronger connectivity and mixing within this compartment. Groundwater was the primary source of streamflow, contributing from 60 % to 85 %, and wet-season precipitation was another source of surface water. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

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