Micro-structural and micro-mechanical characterization of rock-boring angelwing clams

Rock-boring behavior is a common phenomenon among certain bivalve clams, yet the mechanisms enabling this capability remain elusive. This study delves into the microstructural and micromechanical properties of the shells and denticles of angelwing ( Cyrtopleura costata), a rock-boring clam. Xray Diffraction Analysis and Energy-dispersive Spectroscopy identify that angelwing shells are made of pure aragonite. Scanning Electron Microscope images reveal that angelwing shells are mostly made of submicrometer-thick lamellar sheets, which are packed closely forming crossed-lamellar groups. Nanoindentation tests yield Young's Moduli of 30 - 70 GPa and hardness of 3 - 10 GPa at different parts of the shells, making angelwing clam shells among the hardest biological materials. Further numerical simulations validate that the crossed-lamellar microstructure excels in withstanding external loads and safeguarding the integrity of the shell through minimized stress concentration. Statement of significance Boring and drilling in rocks are important for construction, energy, and scientific exploration. Nature offers ideas for improving these techniques, as seen in the rock-boring angelwing clam. Our study focuses on the mechanical and micro-structural properties of the clam's shell, which help it bore into rocks. Through nanoindentation, we found that the clam's shell is one of the hardest and stiffest biological shells, a key factor in its boring ability. We also identified intricate shell structures that likely enhance its strength and resistance to mechanical stress. These findings highlight important bio-material traits that could inspire new, more efficient drilling technologies for human use. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.