Simultaneous measurement of contact angles and work of adhesion in metal-ceramic systems by the immersion-emersion technique

Use of the immersion-emersion tensiometric method using a cylinder is proposed allowing simultaneous measurements of surface tension and contact angles in metal-ceramic systems. Tin and lead sapphire systems were investigated. Values of surface tension are in accordance with those measured by the sessile drop method (σLV(SN) = 465 ± 5 mJ m-2 at 1373 K and σLV (Pb) = 380 ± 5 mJ m-2 at 1193 K). Young's contact angles are evaluated from measured immersion and emersion contact angles and agree well with advancing contact angle (for Sn-Al2O3, θY = 122° and θa = 122° at 1373 k, and for Pb-Al2O3, θY = 121° and θa = 117° ± 3 at 1193 K). The effect of solid roughness on contact angle measurements is easily studied in metal-ceramic systems using the tensiometric method.