New look at φ-pH diagram (II) : All-equilibrium φ-pH diagram for M-ligand-H2O system

A new viewpoint on metal complex system was proposed based on traditional M-ligand-H2O system φ-pH diagrams. Simultaneous equilibrium principle and activity term method were used to plot all-equilibrium φ-pH diagrams for M-ligand-H2O systems based on the thermochemical database developed. The mathematical and computer algorithms were described with the Cu-NH3-H2O system as an example. More quantitative information on real hydrometallurgical processes can be obtained from these diagrams as compared with the conventional Pourbaix φ-pH diagram.