Enhancing flexibility of smart bioresorbable vascular scaffolds through 3D printing using polycaprolactone and polylactic acid

With the growing use of stent implantations, the risk of in-stent restenosis represents a major concern for cardiovascular patients. Herein, we propose a hybrid bioresorbable vascular scaffold (H-BVS) integrated with a wireless sensor that could enable significant advances in cardiovascular therapeutics. The H-BVS was carefully manufactured using a state-of-the-art customized 3D printer equipped with dual nozzles to achieve a synergistic combination of polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic acid (PLA), both of which are known for their bioresorbable properties. This characteristic is particularly valuable in medical applications where the scaffold is gradually absorbed by the body, eliminating the need for a second procedure to remove it. Furthermore, the HBVS was integrated with a wireless, battery-less LC-type pressure sensor for real-time monitoring of in-stent restenosis. This wireless sensor was meticulously connected with the H-BVS framework through engineered microstructures, which not only ensured a robust bond but also significantly enhanced the overall integrity and functionality of the device. Additionally, the combination of the H-BVS and sensor was optimized to exhibit superior bending flexibility and radial strength, which are key factors in ensuring effectiveness and patient safety. The feasibility of the smart H-BVS (SH-BVS) was verified through comprehensive testing within a phantom system designed to simulate real blood flow conditions. We believe that the SH-BVS system holds strong potential to significantly improve patient monitoring and treatment strategies within the cardiovascular healthcare domain.