Review of Vanadium-based Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

To improve the performance of lithium ion batteries, the electrode materials are a key point. Vanadium has rich variable valence state, and the vanadium-based electrode materials are under a variety of structures with layered-structure, spinel and anti-spinel structure. Vanadium-based electrode materials have the properties of higher theoretical specific capacity, various synthesis methods and cost-effective. The application of vanadium-based compounds have attracted extensive attention in lithium ion battery electrode materials. However, it is still lack of a systematic summary of vanadium-based electrode materials. This paper reviews the structure and electrochemical performance of promising electrode mate-rials for lithium ion batteries of vanadium-based electrode materials, which mainly include vanadium oxide, lithium-free vanadate, lithium-containing vanadate and lithium vanadium phosphate. Methods for synthesis of vanadium-based electrode materials are summarized, including solid phase synthesis, sol-gel synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, carbothermal reduction synthesis, and liquid phase precipitation synthesis. The methods to optimize the defects of vanadium electrode materials by controlling of nano-crystallization, morphology and composite are also concluded. Finally, an outlook on potential breakthroughs for vanadium-based electrode materials will be provided. © 2021, Materials Review Magazine. All right reserved.