Review on In-Situ Marine Monitoring Using Physical and Chemical Optical Fiber Sensors

Optical fiber sensors (OFSs) have attracted more and more attention in the field of in-situ ocean observation because of their advantages of the small size, light weight, low cost, and intrinsic immunity to electromagnetic interference. Here, we comprehensively reviewed the development of various advanced physical and chemical OFSs for in-situ measurement of ocean key parameters, including temperature, salinity, pressure, acoustics, flow velocity and turbulence, potential of hydrogen (pH), heavy metal ions, nitrates, and gases. Moreover, the performances of different kinds of OFSs and their practical sea trial reports for in-situ measurement in the marine environment are provided. As we discussed, the field of OFS is rapidly evolving and is poised to make essential breakthroughs in marine monitoring, leading to better utility of marine resources. © The Author(s) 2024.