Green ammonia: revolutionizing sustainable energy for a carbon-free future

Ammonia (NH3) plays a pivotal role in the transition toward sustainable energy systems. With its high hydrogen content, energy density, ease of storage and transport, and zero carbon emissions, ammonia has emerged as a promising energy carrier. While the conventional Haber-Bosch process remains the dominant method for NH3 synthesis, new technologies driven by renewable energy sources are demonstrating greater efficiency and sustainability. Nonetheless, realizing the full potential of ammonia as an energy vector requires overcoming significant technical, economic, and environmental challenges across its lifecycle, including its production, storage, transportation, and application. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in green ammonia synthesis and its energy applications, with particular emphasis on innovations in production technology, storage and transport solutions, and their environmental impacts. By summarizing recent research developments, this review aims to promote future advancements in ammonia technology and underscore its pivotal role in the global energy transition.