Insights into inhibitory action and interaction of bisdemethoxycurcumin on tyrosinase: Spectroscopic and docking analysis

Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), a demethoxy derivative of curcumin, has garnered interest for its potential antityrosinase properties, which are crucial for applications in food preservation and cosmetic industries. Despite its recognized bioactive effects, the detailed inhibitory action and interaction of BDMC on tyrosinase and its application in anti-browning processes remain unclear. This study aims to dissect the molecular interactions of BDMC with tyrosinase, elucidate its inhibition mechanism, and assess its efficacy in preventing browning, thereby underpinning its potential as a natural anti-browning agent. Employing a battery of spectroscopic techniques, we characterized the interaction of BDMC with tyrosinase. The anti-browning properties of BDMC were evaluated on fresh-cut apples, and its effect on enzymatic activities related to browning was also investigated. The results indicate that BDMC interacts with tyrosinase in a reversible mixed-type inhibition manner with an IC50 value of 12.5 +/- 0.2 mu M. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) results indicated that BDMC presented good binding affinity toward tyrosinase. Fluorescence quenching results showed that BDMC could quench the fluorescence of tyrosinase in a static process. Synchronous fluorescence, circular dichroism spectra, and threedimensional fluorescence results indicated that interaction of BDMC against tyrosinase resulted in changes of tyrosinase on microenvironment and conformation, thus causing decrease of tyrosinase activity. Copperchelating results presented that BDMC could chelate to copper with stoichiometric ratio of 1: 2. Molecular docking provided intricate details of how BDMC interacted with tyrosinase. Moreover, BDMC exhibited antibrowning capability on fresh cut apples, and could regulate PPO, POD, and APX activities. The comprehensive analysis proposed in this study consolidated the theoretical basis of BDMC as a tyrosinase inhibitor and supported its potential anti-browning application.