Influence of rotating wheels on Reynolds number sensitivity of passenger vehicle drag

Rotating wheels are essential to replicate realistic forces and flow fields during aerodynamic testing of passenger vehicles. Previous studies have found that the drag coefficient typically reduces with increased speed under rotating wheel conditions but is stable with stationary wheels. This paper investigates this velocity sensitivity for two vehicles, the aerodynamic research vehicle DrivAer and a production vehicle. Experiments with the DrivAer indicate that the drag reduction with increased speed cannot be explained by pressure changes on the vehicle body; instead, the effect is attributed to local flow changes around the wheels. Using numerical simulations, it is found that the separation at the front wheels' outer tire shoulder increases for lower velocities, thus resulting in higher drag coefficient and causing Reynolds number sensitivity. The degree of drag reduction is less for the DrivAer squareback than for the notchback due to the separation over the notchback's rear window. No direct difference is measured between various tires and rims. To assess the generality of the findings with the DrivAer, the results are compared to experiments with a production vehicle. It is observed that the drag sensitivity is less and only occurs if the rear wheels are rotating. Pressure measurements in the wheelhouses and around the wheel drive units confirm the front wheel separation's dependence on velocity and highlight the complex interaction between the front wheel wakes and rear wheel rotational state. (C) 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).