Thermal analysis of packed bed thermal energy storage system with dimpled spherical capsules

The thermal storage potential of a packed bed filled with paraffin wax capsules was examined. Heat transfer fluid (HTF) at 70 degrees C inlet temperature for dimpled and plain stainless-steel capsules was compared for three different flow rates, 1 L/min, 3 L/min and 5 L/min. In general, dimpled spherical capsules sustain more heat than plain spherical capsules at the same flow rate, according to instantaneous and cumulative heat stored. Spherical capsules with dimples exhibited a 30 % improvement in charging rate compared to smooth spheres, particularly at elevated flow rates. Specifically, at a flow rate of 5 L/min, dimpled capsules achieved faster charging and sustained higher temperature compared to plain capsules. Higher flow rates (3 and 5 L/min) result in steeper temperature increases and an earlier peak temperature phase compared to the lower flow rate (1 L/min). Key dimensionless heat transfer numbers were examined. The Stefan number was found to be 0.1966 for an HTF inlet temperature of 70 degrees C and a latent heat of fusion (Lm) of 213 kJ/kg. Heat transfer increases when Reynolds numbers increased from laminar (123.8 at 1 L/min) to turbulent (619.1 at 5 L/min). Rayleigh number decreased over time but increased for dimpled capsules, indicating improved convection. Dimpled capsules had higher Nusselt numbers and increases with flow rate, indicating better convective heat transfer. Dimpled capsules absorbed heat faster and stored more energy, giving them a viable and efficient Packed Bed Latent Thermal Energy Storage system design.