Recent progress on perovskite based indoor photovoltaics: Challenges and commercialization

Indoor photovoltaics has received much attention in recent years mainly because of significances in human daily life for small scale device applications such as Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensors, actuators, and communication devices. Among various generations of photovoltaics, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are found to be best suitable for indoor applications due to their easy to fabricate both on glass and flexible substrate, low-cost process and dispenses efficient power conversion efficiencies. PSCs have crossed the device efficiency of 25 % under AM 1.5G conditions and crossed the power conversion efficiency of 40 % under low-light/artificial light conditions. Therefore, there will be lot of attention on indoor perovskite photovoltaics (iPPV) in recent times towards many small device applications. The main focus of the review is to discuss recent developments in iPPVs for lead and lead-free perovskites, challenges, future direction and market opportunities.