Spectral induced polarization of corrosion of sulfur modified Iron in sediments

Spectral induced polarization (SIP) responses are not well understood within the context of remediation applications at contaminated sites. Systematic SIP studies are needed to gain further insights into the complex electrical response of dynamic, biogeochemical states to enable the use of SIP for subsurface site characterization and remediation monitoring. Although SIP measurements on zero valent iron have been previously published, the SIP response for sulfur modified iron (SMI), a similar potential subsurface reductive amendment, has not yet been reported. Hence, the purpose of this laboratory-scale study was to evaluate SIP for nonintrusive monitoring of SMI under relevant subsurface conditions. SMI was separately mixed with silica sand or sediments from the Hanford Site (Washington, USA) and then packed into columns for geochemical and SIP analysis for up to 77 days under fully saturated conditions. SMI exhibited distinguishable phase peaks between 0.1 and 1.0 Hz, which changed in magnitude based on content and were detected as low as 0.3 wt%. In the initial days, the complex conductivity, phase maxima, and chargeability increased while the peak locations shifted to higher frequency (decreasing relaxation times), suggesting an initial increase in polarization and concurrent decrease in the length scales (potentially due to changes in particle size and mineralogy). Then, after 77 days, the phase maxima and chargeability decreased with a concurrent increase in relaxation times, suggesting that over longer periods, less polarizable phases are forming and particle size or connectivity of polarizable phases is increasing. These results demonstrated a unique SIP response to SMI transformations that might be applied to monitoring of SMI emplaced as a subsurface barrier or injected in the field.